Comparative analysis of salt gradient solar pond energy storage and PCM-coupled TiO2 nanoparticles for enhanced solar energy utilization

This study investigates the thermal performance of salt gradient solar ponds with varying compositions of phase change materials (PCMs) and TiO2 nanoparticles. The analysis focused on hourly, daily, weekly, and monthly temperature variations within the lower convective zone (LCZ). Results showed significant improvements in energy storage with the addition of paraffin wax and TiO2. Energy storage capacity increased by 2.3%, 22.2%, and 13.3% for TiO2/paraffin wax compositions of 1%, 2%, and 3% by mass, respectively. Weekly average temperature changes varied from 2 to 5.5 °C, depending on TiO2 concentration. The study highlights the effectiveness of PCM and TiO2 in stabilizing temperature fluctuations, enhancing overall system efficiency. These findings emphasize the potential of salt gradient solar ponds for renewable energy storage. The combination of paraffin wax and TiO2 nanoparticles presents promising opportunities for optimizing energy capture and storage, supporting the transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions.